Comprehensive Notes on Indian People and Economy (Class XII NCERT)
Population Distribution: Spatial distribution of population in India.
A densely populated area illustrating the spatial distribution of population in India. This image helps to visualize the concept of population distribution discussed in the text.
Density of Population: Factors affecting population density.
Population Growth: Trends and patterns of population growth.
Population Composition: Age, sex, rural-urban characteristics, language, religion, and occupational structure [14].
- Types of Settlements: Rural and urban settlements.
- Urbanization: Trends and patterns of urbanization in India.
- Problems of Urban Settlements: Issues related to urban settlements.
- Land Use Categories: Different categories of land use as maintained in the Land Revenue Records [2].
- Agricultural Land Use in India: Importance of land resources for agriculture, estimation of total cultivable land, and trends in agricultural land use [18].
- Agricultural Problems: Issues faced in agriculture and possible solutions [17].
- Water Availability: Sources and distribution of water resources in India.
- Water Demand: Demand for water in various sectors.
- Water Conservation: Methods and importance of water conservation.
- Types of Minerals: Classification and distribution of minerals in India.
- Energy Resources: Conventional and non-conventional energy resources.
- Conservation of Resources: Need and methods for conservation of mineral and energy resources.
- Planning in India: Objectives and strategies of planning.
- Sustainable Development: Concept and importance of sustainable development.
- Case Studies: Examples of sustainable development in India.
- Transport: Types and importance of transport in India.
- Communication: Development and significance of communication networks.
- Challenges: Issues related to transport and communication.
Changing Patterns of India’s Trade: Trends in the volume, composition, and direction of India’s trade
Line graph showing the values in Rs. Crore of India’s exports and imports from 2012-13 to 2016-17. The graph highlights the trends in the volume of trade, illustrating the extent of the gap between exports and imports over these years.
Export and Import: Major commodities exported and imported by India [9][16].
Trade Policies: Government policies affecting international trade.
- Types and Sources of Pollution: Air, water, and land pollution, their sources, and pollutants involved [1].
- Environmental Issues: Major environmental issues and their geographical perspective.
- Case Studies: Examples of geographical issues and problems in India.